The professional home for health service psychologists.
Join a community of 15,000 psychologists and trainees.
Learn it today. Apply it tomorrow.
Connecting you to what you need in your career.
Making a difference.
McMahon, E. (2017). Virtual reality exposure therapy: Bringing ‘in vivo’ into the office. Journal of Health Service Psychology, 43, 46–49.
Exposure is a critical element in the successful treatment of phobias and anxiety disorders. Virtual reality offers the most efficient means of providing exposure in such treatment. Virtual reality exposure permits controlled, individualized, and repeatable exposure that might otherwise be difficult or impossible. Research and meta-analyses have demonstrated that virtual reality exposure therapy is effective and that the effects transfer to the real world and are maintained.
Anderson, P.L., Price, M., Edwards, S.M., Obasaju, M.A., Schmertz, S.K., Zimand, E., & Calamaras, M.R. (2013). Virtual reality exposure therapy for social anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 81, 751-760.
Beck, A.T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R.L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York, NY: Basic Books.
Bouchard, S., Dumoulin, S., Robillard, G., Guitard, T., Klinger, É., Forget, H., Loranger, C., & Roucaut, F.X. (2016). Virtual reality compared with in vivo exposure in the treatment of social anxiety disorder: a three-arm randomised controlled trial. The British Journal of Psychiatry, bjp.bp.116.184234. http://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.116.184234
Grenier, S., Forget, H., Bouchard, S., Isere, S., Belleville, S., Potvin, El., Rioux, M-E. & Talbot, M. (2015). Using virtual reality to improve the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in the treatment of late-life anxiety: Preliminary recommendations for future research. International Psychogeriatrics, 27, 1217-1225.
Ipser, J.C., Singh, L., & Stein, D.J. (2013). Meta‐analysis of functional brain imaging in specific phobia. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 67, 311-322.
Krijn, M., Emmelkamp, P., Olafsson, R., & Biemond, R. (2004). Virtual reality exposure therapy of anxiety disorders: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 259-281.
Morina N, Ijntema H, Meyerbröker K, Emmelkamp PM. (2015). Can virtual reality exposure therapy gains be generalized to real-life? A meta-analysis of studies applying behavioral assessments. Behaviour Research and Therapy. 74,18-24. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2015.08.010. Epub 2015 Aug 31.
Ngai, I., Tully E., & Anderson, P. (2015). The course of the working alliance during virtual reality and exposure group therapy for social anxiety disorder. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 43, 167-181.
Opris, D., Pintea, S., Garcia-Palacios, A., Botella, C., Szamoskozi, S., & David D. (2012). Virtual reality exposure therapy in anxiety disorders: A quantitative meta-analysis. Depression and Anxiety, 29, 85-93.
Parsons, T.D. & Rizzo, A.A. (2008). Affective outcomes of virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 250-261.
Price, M., Mehta, N., Tone, E.B., & Anderson, P.L. (2011). Does engagement with exposure yield better outcomes? Components of presence as a predictor of treatment response for virtual reality exposure therapy for social phobia. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25, 763-770.
Stampfl, T.G. & Levis, D.J. (1967). Essentials of implosive therapy: A learning-theory-based psychodynamic behavioral therapy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 72, 496-503.
Wiederhold, B. K., & Bouchard, S. (Editors). (2014). Advances in Virtual Reality and Anxiety Disorders. Springer Science + Business Media.
Wolitzky-Taylor, K.B.; Horowitz, J.D.; Powers, M.B.; & Telch, M.J. (2008) Psychological approaches in the treatment of specific phobias: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 1021-1037.
Wolpe, J. (1990). The practice of behavior therapy (4th edition). New York, NY: Pergamon Press.
Copyright © 2024 All rights reserved. National Register of Health Service Psychologists